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The Qing dynasty (1644–1912) of China developed a complicated peerage system for royal and noble ranks. ==Rule of inheritance== In principle, titles were downgraded one grade per generation of inheritance. * Direct imperial princes with the ''Eight Privileges'' were downgraded for four generations, after which the title can be inherited without further downgrades. * Direct imperial princes without the ''Eight Privileges'' were downgraded until the rank of ''Feng'en Jiangjun'', which then became perpetual. * Cadet line imperial princes and lords were downgraded until they reached ''Feng'en Jiangjun'', which could be further inherited three times before the title expired completely. * For non-imperial peers, the title could be downgraded to ''En Jiwei'' before becoming perpetually heritable. Occasionally, a peer could be granted the "perpetual heritable" privilege (世襲罔替), which allowed the title to be passed down without downgrading. Throughout the Qing dynasty, there were 12 imperial princely families who enjoyed this privilege. They were known as the "Iron Cap Princes". The noble titles were inherted through a system of loose primogeniture: The eldest son from the peer's first wife was usually the heir apparent, but inheritance by a younger son, a son of a concubine, or brother of the peer was not uncommon. Non-heir sons of imperial princes were entitled to petition for a lower title, according to his birth (by the chief consort, secondary consort or concubines) and his father's rank, than the one they would have received had they been the heir. Non-heir sons of other peers were also occasionally granted a lower title. Whether imperial or not, the inheritance or creation was never automatic, and must be approved either by the Emperor, the Ministry of Personnel, or the Imperial Clan Court. Imperial princes, notably, must pass exams in equestrianship, archery and the Manchu language to be eligible for titles. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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